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Abstract

Introduction: Cough is the most common symptom leading to medical consultation. Chronic cough results in significant health care costs, impairs quality of life, and may indicate the presence of a serious underlying condition. Here, we present a summary of an updated position statement on cough management in the clinical consultation.

Main recommendations: Assessment of children and adults requires a focused history of chronic cough to identify any red flag cough pointers that may indicate an underlying disease. Further assessment with examination should include a chest x‐ray and spirometry (when age > 6 years). Separate paediatric and adult diagnostic management algorithms should be followed. Management of the underlying condition(s) should follow specific disease guidelines, as well as address adverse environmental exposures and patient/carer concerns. First Nations adults and children should be considered a high risk group. The full statement from the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand and Lung Foundation Australia for managing chronic cough is available at https://lungfoundation.com.au/resources/cicada‐full‐position‐statement.

Changes in management as a result of this statement:

Algorithms for assessment and diagnosis of adult and paediatric chronic cough are recommended.
High quality evidence supports the use of child‐specific chronic cough management algorithms to improve clinical outcomes, but none exist in adults.
Red flags that indicate serious underlying conditions requiring investigation or referral should be identified.
Early and effective treatment of chronic wet/productive cough in children is critical.
Culturally specific strategies for facilitating the management of chronic cough in First Nations populations should be adopted.
If the chronic cough does not resolve or is unexplained, the patient should be referred to a respiratory specialist or cough clinic.

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1 Australian Centre for Health Services Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD
2 Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD
3 Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, NT
4 Rural and Remote Health, Flinders University, Darwin, NT
5 University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD
6 Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC
7 Wal‐yan Respiratory Research Centre, Perth, WA
8 Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, WA
9 University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
10 Lung Foundation Australia, Brisbane, QLD
11 Centre for Medicine Use and Safety, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC
12 Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC
13 Monash University, Melbourne, VIC
14 Institute for Breathing and Sleep, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC
15 Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD
16 Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC
17 University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC
18 Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD
19 Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC
20 Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW
21 Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC
22 Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW
23 John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, NSW

Correspondence: jm.marchant@qut.edu.au

Open access:

Open access publishing facilitated by Queensland University of Technology, as part of the Wiley ‐ Queensland University of Technology agreement via the Council of Australian University Librarians.

Acknowledgements:

We thank Lung Foundation Australia and the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand for their support in the preparation of these guidelines.

Competing interests:

The authors received no specific funding for this work. Julie Marchant is supported by the Lung Foundation Australia Hope Research Fund Andrew Harrison Fellowship in Bronchiectasis Research 2021 and receives personal fees from being an author of two UpToDate chapters, outside of the submitted work. Anne Chang reports multiple grants from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) during the conduct of this work; is an independent data monitoring committee member for an unlicensed vaccine (GSK) and an unlicensed monoclonal antibody (AstraZeneca); is an advisory member on the study design for an unlicensed molecule for chronic cough (Merck); and has received personal fees from being an author of two UpToDate chapters, outside the submitted work. Andre Schultz receives salary support from a Medical Research Future Fund Investigator Grant (APP1193796). Danielle Wurzel has received research grants from the NHMRC and GSK, and honoraria from Merck and MSD. Stuart Mazzone has received honoraria from Merck, NeRRe Therapeutics, Reckitt Benckiser and Bellus Health for consultancy on their antitussive programs, and antitussive‐related grant support from Merck, Bellus Health and Reckitt Benckiser, as well as multiple grants from the NHMRC and the Australian Research Council. Shyamali Dharmage has received multiple grants from the NHMRC and the Australian Research Council, including the NHMRC Investigator Grant (APP1193993) that currently supports her. Additionally, Shyamali Dharmage and Jennifer Perret have received independent investigator‐initiated grants from AstraZeneca and GSK for unrelated research. Jennifer Perret is supported by an NHMRC Early Career Fellowship (APP1159090). Johnson George has received honoraria through consultations for AstraZeneca, GSK and Pfizer which have been paid to his employer, and has held research grants from Boehringer Ingelheim, GSK and Pfizer through investigator‐initiated research schemes. All other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare in relation to this work.

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Editorials

The Future Healthy Countdown 2030: holding us to account for children's and young people's health and wellbeing

Sandro Demaio, Sharon R Goldfeld and Susan Maury

Med J Aust 2023; 219 (10): . || doi: 10.5694/mja2.52141
Published online: 20 November 2023

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AUTHORS
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Topics

Pediatric medicine

Health services administration

Environment and public health

Indigenous health

Too many Australian children and young people are faring poorly across key measures of health and wellbeing, and too often these reflect systemic inequities that could be mitigated or eliminated through policy change. Despite Australia's abundant resources and wealth, we are failing a key test of societal progress: that our children have opportunities to live as well or better than their parents.

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1 Victorian Health Promotion Foundation, Melbourne, VIC
2 University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC
3 Centre for Community Child Health, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC

Correspondence: smaury@vichealth.vic.gov.au

Acknowledgements:

The Victorian Health Promotion Foundation (VicHealth) has played a convening role in scoping and commissioning the articles contained in the MJA supplement.

Competing interests:

Sandro Demaio and Susan Maury are VicHealth employees.

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Medical history

100 years on: the first use of insulin in Australia

Sophie Templer

Med J Aust 2023; 219 (10): . || doi: 10.5694/mja2.52137
Published online: 20 November 2023

ARTICLE
AUTHORS
REFERENCES

Topics

Endocrine system diseases

History and humanities

A century ago, the only accepted treatment for diabetes in Australia and worldwide was the so‐called “starvation diet” of severely restricted carbohydrate intake. However, near‐starvation only prolonged the natural course of disease, and profound hunger and progressive emaciation would almost inevitably give way to coma and eventually death. The successful isolation of a therapeutic pancreatic extract in the Canadian summer of 1921 by Frederick Banting, Charles Best, James Collip and John Macleod followed numerous less successful attempts by other researchers over preceding decades. The extract, which they named “insulin” (from the Latin insula, meaning island), would become, in the words of medical historian Michael Bliss, “the elixir of life for millions of human beings around the world”.1

Bankstown–Lidcombe Hospital, Sydney, NSW

Correspondence: sophie.templer@health.nsw.gov.au

Competing interests:

No relevant disclosures.

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Perspectives

Setting the policy agenda for cancer control reform: Australia's first national cancer control plan

Daniel Chaji, Anna Boltong, Carolyn Der Vartanian, Adam Lambert, Cindy Toms, Vivienne Milch, Claire Howlett and Dorothy Keefe

Med J Aust 2023; 219 (10): . || doi: 10.5694/mja2.52120
Published online: 20 November 2023

ARTICLE
AUTHORS
REFERENCES

Topics

Neoplasms

Health services administration

Social determinants of health

Indigenous health

Environment and public health

Cancer outcomes in Australia are among the best in the world;1 however, these outcomes are not experienced equitably. There are significant disparities in cancer outcomes and experience among specific groups in Australia, including Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.2 Such disparities are unacceptable and require whole‐of‐system, coordinated, national level effort, to ensure the future of cancer control in Australia is one where world class cancer outcomes and experiences are within reach for all Australians.

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1 Cancer Australia, Sydney, NSW
2 Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW
3 Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA
4 Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA

Correspondence: Daniel.Chaji@canceraustralia.gov.au

Acknowledgements:

This work was funded by Cancer Australia and the Department of Health and Aged Care – Australian Government. Cancer Australia owes a debt of gratitude to the numerous stakeholder organisations and people who contributed to the Australian Cancer Plan either by way of submissions and/or by attendance at workshops and other public forums. We give particular thanks to all the cancer consumers who generously gave their time and experience to help us ensure the patient is at the very centre of this Plan.

Competing interests:

No relevant disclosures.

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2. Peng Y, Baade P. Survival disparities among recently diagnosed Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cancer patients in Australia remain. Cancer Causes Control 2021; 32: 1315‐1320.
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4. Torode JS, Tittenbrun Z, Romero Y, et al. Ten years of the International Cancer Control Partnership: promoting national cancer control plans to shape the health system response for cancer control. JCO Glob Oncol 2023; 9: e2200232.
5. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Cancer in Australia 2021 (Cat. no. CAN 144). Canberra: AIHW, 2021. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/cancer/cancer‐in‐australia‐2021 (viewed Apr 2023).
6. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Cancer in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people of Australia (Cat. no. CAN 109). Canberra: AIHW, 2018. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/cancer/cancer‐in‐indigenous‐australians (viewed Apr 2023).
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Perspectives

The complex impact of COVID‐19 on cancer outcomes in Australia

Karen Canfell, Karen Chiam, Carolyn Nickson and G Bruce Mann

Med J Aust 2023; 219 (9): . || doi: 10.5694/mja2.52125
Published online: 6 November 2023

ARTICLE
AUTHORS
REFERENCES

Topics

Neoplasms

Infectious diseases

Health services administration

In 2019, before the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic, about 145 000 new cases of cancer (excluding non‐melanoma skin cancer) were diagnosed, and there were nearly 50 000 cancer‐related deaths in Australia.1 The cancer burden is expected to remain substantial over the next quarter‐century, with an estimated cumulative 4.56 million new cases and 1.45 million cancer deaths in that period.2 The impact of the pandemic on cancer care and outcomes is multifaceted and expected to be heterogenous across settings and subpopulations. This is partly due to differences in the stringency of public health controls, and thus the extent and timing of health services disruptions, which varied greatly between jurisdictions during the pandemic. The effect on specific cancer types also depends on their natural history, cancer control measures already in place, and susceptibility of those measures to broader public health controls. This article summarises the known data on the impact of the pandemic on cancer services, identifies gaps in current knowledge, and discusses the implications for future research priorities.

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1 The Daffodil Centre, University of Sydney, a joint venture with Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, NSW
2 Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC
3 Breast Service, Royal Melbourne and Royal Women's Hospitals, Melbourne, VIC

Correspondence: karen.canfell@sydney.edu.au

Open access:

Open access publishing facilitated by the University of Sydney, as part of the Wiley – the University of Sydney agreement via the Council of Australian University Librarians.

Acknowledgements:

Karen Canfell receives salary funding from the National Health and Medical Research Council Australia (NHMRC Leadership Fellowship APP1194679). The funding source had no role in the work described in this article. We also acknowledge the International Cancer Benchmarking Partnership for commissioning related international work which has informed this article.

Competing interests:

Karen Canfell is co‐principal investigator (PI) of an investigator‐initiated trial of HPV screening in Australia (Compass), which is conducted and funded by the Australian Centre for the Prevention of Cervical Cancer (ACPCC), a government‐funded health promotion charity. The ACPCC has previously received equipment and a funding contribution for the Compass trial from Roche Molecular Systems USA. She is also co‐PI on a major implementation program, “Elimination of Cervical Cancer in the Western Pacific”, which receives support from the Minderoo Foundation and equipment donations from Cepheid Inc.

1. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Cancer in Australia 2019 (Cancer series no.119; Cat. no. CAN 123). Canberra: AIHW, 2019. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/cancer/cancer‐in‐australia‐2019/summary (viewed Aug 2023).
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21. Victorian Cancer Registry. Cancer in Victoria 2021. Melbourne: Cancer Council Victoria, 2022. https://www.cancervic.org.au/research/vcr/fact‐sheets‐and‐annual‐reports (viewed Aug 2023).
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23. Cancer Council Victoria. Cancer, COVID‐19 + You. Experiences of cancer care during the pandemic. Melbourne: Cancer Council Victoria, 2022. https://www.cancervic.org.au/about/policy‐and‐advocacy/cancer‐covid‐19‐you‐2022‐research (viewed Aug 2023).
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Narrative review

Online first

Hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance in Australia: current and future perspectives

Samuel Hui, Sally Bell, Suong Le and Anouk Dev

Med J Aust || doi: 10.5694/mja2.52124
Published online: 23 October 2023

ARTICLE
AUTHORS
REFERENCES

Topics

Digestive system diseases

Statistics, epidemiology and research design

Neoplasms

Infectious diseases

Health services administration

Summary

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer‐related death worldwide, and is increasing in incidence in Australia.
For most people with cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis B, HCC screening and surveillance is recommended with 6‐monthly ultrasound. However, most patients with HCC are still diagnosed outside of surveillance with incurable disease.
While HCC surveillance almost certainly reduces cancer‐related mortality, the potential harms of surveillance are incompletely understood.
Surveillance uptake remains suboptimal in many contexts, and stems from a combination of patient, clinician and system level barriers.
Improved case‐finding strategies may be required to identify high risk individuals in need of surveillance, as cirrhosis and viral hepatitis are often asymptomatic.
HCC prediction models and novel surveillance tools such as biomarker panels, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging may have a future role in personalised HCC surveillance.
Analyses suggest surveillance may be cost‐effective, but Australian data remain limited.
A centralised HCC surveillance program may ultimately have a role in delivering improved and more equitable care.

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1 School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC
2 Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC

Correspondence: samuel.hui@monash.edu

Open access:

Open access publishing facilitated by Monash University, as part of the Wiley ‐ Monash University agreement via the Council of Australian University Librarians.

Acknowledgements:

Samuel Hui is supported by a Research Training Program stipend from Monash University.

Competing interests:

No relevant disclosures.

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74. Singal AG, Tayob N, Mehta A, et al. GALAD demonstrates high sensitivity for HCC surveillance in a cohort of patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 2022; 75: 541‐549.
75. Yang JD, Addissie BD, Mara KC, et al. GALAD score for hepatocellular carcinoma detection in comparison with liver ultrasound and proposal of GALADUS score. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2019; 28: 531‐538.
76. Singal AG, Hoshida Y, Pinato DJ, et al. International Liver Cancer Association (ILCA) white paper on biomarker development for hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2021; 160: 2572‐2584.
77. Yoon JH, Lee JM, Lee DH, et al. A comparison of biannual two‐phase low‐dose liver CT and US for HCC surveillance in a group at high risk of HCC development. Liver Cancer 2020; 9: 503‐517.
78. Pocha C, Dieperink E, McMaken KA, et al. Surveillance for hepatocellular cancer with ultrasonography vs. computed tomography – a randomised study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 38: 303‐312.
79. Kim SY, An J, Lim Y‐S, et al. MRI with liver‐specific contrast for surveillance of patients with cirrhosis at high risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. JAMA Oncol 2017; 3: 456‐463.
80. Chan MV, Huo YR, Trieu N, et al. Noncontrast MRI for hepatocellular carcinoma detection: a systematic review and meta‐analysis – a potential surveillance tool? Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 20: 44‐56.e2.
81. Lew JB, Feletto E, Wade S, et al. Benefits, harms and cost‐effectiveness of cancer screening in Australia: an overview of modelling estimates. Public Health Res Pract 2019; 29: 29121913.
82. Carter HE, Jeffrey GP, Ramm GA, et al. Cost‐effectiveness of a serum biomarker test for risk‐stratified liver ultrasound screening for hepatocellular carcinoma. Value Health 2021; 24: 1454‐1462.

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Editorials

The National Indigenous Kidney Transplantation Taskforce: changing systems to achieve equitable access to kidney transplantation

Jaquelyne T Hughes, Katie Cundale, Kelli J Owen and Stephen P McDonald

Med J Aust 2023; 219 (8): . || doi: 10.5694/mja2.52107
Published online: 16 October 2023

ARTICLE
AUTHORS
REFERENCES

Topics

Urologic diseases

Indigenous health

Social determinants of health

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people with chronic kidney disease seek good health, good kidney health, and good experiences of health care at all stages of their kidney journeys.1,2,3 Kidney replacement therapy is crucial for people with kidney failure, so needs to be accessed regularly, safely and sustainably alongside high quality cultural and clinical support. However, access to kidney transplantation, often the best kidney replacement therapy option, is not equally available to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Australia.4

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1 Rural and Remote Health, Flinders University, Darwin, NT
2 Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, NT
3 National Indigenous Kidney Transplantation Taskforce (NIKTT), South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA
4 Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA
5 Central and Northern Adelaide Renal and Transplantation, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA
6 Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry (ANZDATA), South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA

Correspondence: katie@anzdata.org.au

Acknowledgements:

We acknowledge and thank the Australian Government, represented by the Department of Health and Aged Care, for their funding of the National Indigenous Kidney Transplantation Taskforce (NIKTT) through an Indigenous Australians’ Health Programme grant. This funding enabled the work described here to be undertaken, as well as the publication of the supplement that accompanies this issue of the MJA. We thank the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people living with kidney disease and transplantation who have worked with the NIKTT. We acknowledge that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Australia face inequities in accessing transplantation because of the barriers that exist within our health care system due to the lasting and ongoing impacts of colonisation. We thank everyone who has helped us to work towards improving access to transplantation. We thank and acknowledge the dedicated members of the NIKTT who have walked with us for the past few years, as well as the partner organisations and societies with whom we work on advancing access to kidney transplantation.

Competing interests:

No relevant disclosures.

1. Devitt J, Anderson K, Cunningham J, et al. Difficult conversations: Australian Indigenous patients’ views on kidney transplantation. BMC Nephrol 2017; 18: 1‐14.
2. Hughes JT, Dembski L, Kerrigan V, et al. Gathering perspectives – finding solutions for chronic and end stage kidney disease. Nephrology (Carlton) 2017; 23: 5‐13.
3. Cormick A, Owen K, Turnbull D, et al. Renal healthcare: voicing recommendations from the journey of an Aboriginal woman with chronic kidney disease. Ren Soc Australas J 2022; 18: 88‐100.
4. Wyld ML, Wyburn KR, Chadban SJ. Global perspective on kidney transplantation: Australia. Kidney360 2021; 2: 1641.
5. Hughes, JT. Kidney health equity for Indigenous Australians: an achievable goal. Nat Rev Nephrol 2021; 17: 505.
6. Mick‐Ramsamy L, Kelly J, Duff D, et al. Catching some air: asserting Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander information rights in renal disease – the final report. Darwin: Menzies School of Health Research, 2019. https://www.menzies.edu.au/icms_docs/307210_Catching_Some_Air.pdf (viewed Dec 2022).
7. Hoy WE, Mott SA, McDonald SP. An update on chronic kidney disease in Aboriginal Australians. Clin Nephrol 2020; 93: 124‐128.
8. Garrard E, McDonald SP. Improving access to and outcomes of kidney transplantation for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People in Australia: performance report. Sydney: TSANZ, 2019. https://tsanz.com.au/storage/NIKTT/TSANZ‐Performance‐Report‐‐‐Improving‐Indigenous‐Transplant‐Outcomes‐Final‐edited‐1.pdf (viewed Dec 2022).
9. Tiong MK, Thomas S, Fernandes DK, Cherian S. Examining barriers to timely waitlisting for kidney transplantation for Indigenous Australians in Central Australia. Intern Med J 2022; 52: 288‐294.
10. Sypek MP, Clayton PA, Lim W, et al. Access to waitlisting for deceased donor kidney transplantation in Australia. Nephrology (Carlton) 2019; 24: 758‐766.
11. Hughes JT, Cundale K, Owen K, McDonald SP. Advancing accessible kidney transplantation for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples: the National Indigenous Kidney Transplantation Taskforce. Med J Aust 2023; 219 (8 Suppl): S3‐S6.
12. Cundale K, McDonald SP, Irish A, et al. Improving equity in access to kidney transplantation: implementing targeted models of care focused on improving timely access to waitlisting. Med J Aust 2023; 219 (8 Suppl): S7‐S10.
13. Hughes JT, Owen K, Kelly J, et al. Cultural bias in kidney care and transplantation: review and recommendations to improve kidney care for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Med J Aust 2023; 219 (8 Suppl): S11‐S14.
14. Owen K, Cundale K, Hughes JT, et al. From talk to action: Indigenous reference groups drive practice change in kidney transplantation care. Med J Aust 2023; 219 (8 Suppl): S15‐S18.
15. Hughes JT, Cundale K, Webster AC, et al. Towards equity in kidney transplantation: the next steps. Med J Aust 2023; 219 (8 Suppl): S19‐S22.

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Perspectives

Dietary management of eosinophilic oesophagitis

Jessica Fitzpatrick, Sarah L Melton and Rebecca E Burgell

Med J Aust 2023; 219 (8): . || doi: 10.5694/mja2.52101
Published online: 16 October 2023

ARTICLE
AUTHORS
REFERENCES

Topics

Digestive system diseases

Nutritional and metabolic diseases

Immune system diseases

Eosinophilic oesophagitis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterised by eosinophilic inflammation of the oesophagus and sometimes scarring, and is associated with difficulty swallowing, dyspepsia and choking. Since spontaneous resolution is rare, therapeutic options have centred around use of medication or dietary manipulation. First described in the mid‐1990s, the condition is now recognised to affect about 42 per 100 000 of the adult population and 34 per 100 000 of the paediatric population.1 These data may be an underestimate of the true prevalence of eosinophilic oesophagitis due to the diagnosis requiring oesophageal biopsies and a high index of suspicion. Up to 12–23% of patients undergoing endoscopy for dysphagia and 50% of those presenting with food bolus obstruction have eosinophilic oesophagitis as the cause of their symptoms.2,3 The prevalence of eosinophilic oesophagitis has steadily (and in some populations exponentially) increased, and although prevalence data from Australia are lacking, anecdotally a similar phenomenon has been observed.2,4

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1 Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC
2 Monash University, Melbourne, VIC

Correspondence: jessica.fitzpatrick1@monash.edu

Open access:

Open access publishing facilitated by Monash University, as part of the Wiley – Monash University agreement via the Council of Australian University Librarians.

Acknowledgements:

Jessica Fitzpatrick and Sarah Melton are supported by a Crohn's Colitis Australia PhD Scholarship.

Competing interests:

Rebecca Burgell has received speaker fees from Falk Pharmaceutical. Jessica Fitzpatrick has received speaker fees from Pepsi Co.

1. Navarro P, Arias Á, Arias‐González L, et al. Systematic review with meta‐analysis: the growing incidence and prevalence of eosinophilic oesophagitis in children and adults in population‐based studies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2019; 49: 1116‐1125.
2. Dellon ES, Hirano I. Epidemiology and natural history of eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterology 2018; 154: 319‐332.
3. Kerlin P, Jones D, Remedios M, Campbell C. Prevalence of eosinophilic esophagitis in adults with food bolus obstruction of the esophagus. J Clin Gastroenterol 2007; 41: 356‐361.
4. Cherian S, Smith NM, Forbes DA. Rapidly increasing prevalence of eosinophilic oesophagitis in Western Australia. Arch Dis Child 2006; 91: 1000‐1004.
5. Straumann A, Katzka DA. Diagnosis and treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterology 2018; 154: 346‐359.
6. Dellon ES, Liacouras CA, Molina‐Infante J, et al. Updated international consensus diagnostic criteria for eosinophilic esophagitis: proceedings of the AGREE Conference. Gastroenterology 2018; 155: 1022‐1033.
7. Mayerhofer C, Kavallar AM, Aldrian D, et al. Efficacy of elimination diets in eosinophilic esophagitis: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 21: 2197‐2210.
8. Dhar A, Haboubi HN, Attwood SE, et al. British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) and British Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (BSPGHAN) joint consensus guidelines on the diagnosis and management of eosinophilic oesophagitis in children and adults. Gut 2022; 71: 1459‐1487.
9. Lucendo AJ, Arias Á, Molina‐Infante J. Efficacy of proton pump inhibitor drugs for inducing clinical and histologic remission in patients with symptomatic esophageal eosinophilia: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 14: 13‐22.
10. Rank MA, Sharaf RN, Furuta GT, et al. Technical review on the management of eosinophilic esophagitis: a report from the AGA Institute and the Joint Task Force on Allergy‐Immunology Practice Parameters. Gastroenterology 2020; 158: 1789‐1810.
11. Arias A, González‐Cervera J, Tenias JM, Lucendo AJ. Efficacy of dietary interventions for inducing histologic remission in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Gastroenterology 2014; 146: 1639‐1648.
12. Kagalwalla AF, Sentongo TA, Ritz S, et al. Effect of six‐food elimination diet on clinical and histologic outcomes in eosinophilic esophagitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 4: 1097‐1102.
13. Spergel JM, Beausoleil JL, Mascarenhas M, Liacouras CA. The use of skin prick tests and patch tests to identify causative foods in eosinophilic esophagitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 109: 363‐368.
14. Molina‐Infante J, Arias Á, Alcedo J, et al. Step‐up empiric elimination diet for pediatric and adult eosinophilic esophagitis: the 2‐4‐6 study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 141: 1365‐1372.
15. Eckmann JD, Ravi K, Katzka DA, et al. Efficacy of atopy patch testing in directed dietary therapy of eosinophilic esophagitis: a pilot study. Dig Dis Sci 2018; 63: 694‐702.
16. Wechsler JB, Schwartz S, Arva NC, et al. A single‐food milk elimination diet is effective for treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis in children. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 20: 1748‐1756.
17. Teoh T, Mill C, Chan E, et al. Liberalized versus strict cow's milk elimination for the treatment of children with eosinophilic esophagitis. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2019; 2: 81‐85.
18. de Rooij WE, Vlieg‐Boerstra B, Warners MJ, et al. Effect of amino acid‐based formula added to four‐food elimination in adult eosinophilic esophagitis patients: a randomized clinical trial. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2022; 34: e14291.
19. Kliewer KL, Gonsalves N, Dellon ES, et al. One‐food versus six‐food elimination diet therapy for the treatment of eosinophilic oesophagitis: a multicentre, randomised, open‐label trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 8: 408‐421.
20. Sheedy K, Patel N, Porter J, Silva H. Cost and accessibility of empiric food elimination diets for treatment of eosinophilic oesophagitis. Nutr Diet 2022; 79: 238‐246.
21. Wang L, Mara KC, Ravi K, et al. Predictors of histologic response to dietary therapy in eosinophilic oesophagitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2022; 56: 1444‐1452.
22. Egan M, Atkins D. What is the relationship between eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) and aeroallergens? Implications for allergen immunotherapy. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2018; 18: 43.
23. Safroneeva E, Straumann A, Coslovsky M, et al. Symptoms have modest accuracy in detecting endoscopic and histologic remission in adults with eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterology 2016; 150: 581‐590.
24. Philpott H, Dellon E. Histologic improvement after 6 weeks of dietary elimination for eosinophilic esophagitis may be insufficient to determine efficacy. Asia Pac Allergy 2018; 8: e20.
25. Chang JW, Kliewer K, Haller E, et al. Development of a practical guide to implement and monitor diet therapy for eosinophilic esophagitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 21: 1690‐1698.
26. Katzka DA, Smyrk TC, Alexander JA, et al. Accuracy and safety of the cytosponge for assessing histologic activity in eosinophilic esophagitis: a two‐center study. Am J Gastroenterol 2017; 112: 1538‐1544.
27. Philpott H, Nandurkar S, Royce SG, Gibson PR. Ultrathin unsedated transnasal gastroscopy in monitoring eosinophilic esophagitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 31: 590‐594.

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Cough in Children and Adults: Diagnosis, Assessment and Management (CICADA). Summary of an updated position statement on chronic cough in Australia

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The Future Healthy Countdown 2030: holding us to account for children's and young people's health and wellbeing

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Hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance in Australia: current and future perspectives

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The National Indigenous Kidney Transplantation Taskforce: changing systems to achieve equitable access to kidney transplantation

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Dietary management of eosinophilic oesophagitis

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Undiagnosed coeliac disease identified by active case finding in first degree relatives of people with coeliac disease in Australia: a prospective observational study

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Child abuse and premature mortality: disrupting the harm cascade

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Cough in Children and Adults: Diagnosis, Assessment and Management (CICADA). Summary of an updated position statement on chronic cough in Australia

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The Future Healthy Countdown 2030: holding us to account for children's and young people's health and wellbeing

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100 years on: the first use of insulin in Australia

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Setting the policy agenda for cancer control reform: Australia's first national cancer control plan

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The complex impact of COVID‐19 on cancer outcomes in Australia

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Hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance in Australia: current and future perspectives

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The National Indigenous Kidney Transplantation Taskforce: changing systems to achieve equitable access to kidney transplantation

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Dietary management of eosinophilic oesophagitis

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Undiagnosed coeliac disease identified by active case finding in first degree relatives of people with coeliac disease in Australia: a prospective observational study

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Child abuse and premature mortality: disrupting the harm cascade

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