Volume 221 - Issue 9
Genetic testing in cardiovascular disease
Authors: Michael P Gray and Gemma A Figtree
Med J Aust 2024; 221 (9): 501-502. || doi: 10.5694/mja2.52480
Published online: 4 November 2024
Published online: 4 November 2024
Reply
In reply: We thank Martin and colleagues1 for their critical appraisal of our review on genetic testing in cardiovascular disease, published in the MJA.2 We agree that the utility of genetic testing needs to consider the burden of disease, the age of onset, and treatment options available to individuals identified with the causal genetic variant. We also concur with Martin and colleagues regarding the value of early detection and treatment of familial hypercholesterolaemia.2 We particularly appreciate the emphasis of familial hypercholesterolaemia being a disorder frequently identified in paediatric patients, and the proposed clinical pathway for prevention of atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction, with consideration of lipid‐lowering treatment after maximal lifestyle interventions from age six for those with homozygosity.3
In the general population, current expert consensus guidelines continue to recommend genetic testing as a confirmatory tool following identification using clinical tools such as Simon Broome Diagnostic Criteria or the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network Score.3,4 However, identification of a familial hypercholesterolaemia‐associated variant in an individual justifies further cascade variant testing in first‐, second‐, and even third‐degree biological relatives for earlier diagnosis and intervention.5,6
As with many conditions highlighted in our article, the role of genetic testing in the identification of familial hypercholesterolaemia continues to evolve with improved understanding of the disease genetic architecture, clinical experience incorporating genomic testing, and access to sequencing technologies. Health economics, guideline development, and policy changes will be key to maximising the value of all genetic tests in the cardiovascular disease space.
Competing interests
MPG reports no relevant financial conflicts of interest. GAF reports grants from the National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia), grants from Abbott Diagnostic, Sanofi, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, and NSW Health. GAF reports honorarium from CSL, CPC Clinical Research, Sanofi, Boehringer‐Ingelheim, Heart Foundation, and Abbott Diagnostic. GAF serves as board director for the Australian Cardiovascular Alliance (past president), executive committee member for CPC Clinical Research, founding director and CMO for Prokardia and Kardiomics, and executive committee member for the CAD Frontiers A2D2 Consortium. In addition, GAF serves as CMO for the non‐profit, CAD Frontiers, with industry partners including Novartis, Amgen, Siemens Healthineers, ELUCID, Foresite Labs LLC, HeartFlow, Canon, Cleerly, Caristo, Genetech, Artyra, and Bitterroot Bio and Allelica. In addition, GAF has the following patents: “Patent Biomarkers and Oxidative Stress” awarded USA May 2017 (US9638699B2) issued to Northern Sydney Local Health District, “Use of P2X7R antagonists in cardiovascular disease” PCT/AU2018/050905 licensed to Prokardia, “Methods for treatment and prevention of vascular disease” PCT/AU2015/000548 issued to the University of Sydney/Northern Sydney Local Health District, “Wound healing methods” PCT/AU2022/050129 issued to the University of Sydney, “Wound healing compositions” PCT/AU2022/050130 issued to the University of Sydney, “Methods for predicting coronary artery disease” AU202290266 issued to the University of Sydney, and the patent “Novel P2X7 Receptor Antagonists” PCT/AU2022/051400 (23.11.2022), International App No: WO/2023/092175 (01.06.2023), issued to the University of Sydney.
References
- Martin AC, Horton AE, Srinivasan S. Genetic testing in cardiovascular disease [letter]. MJA 2024; https://www.mja.com.au/doi/10.5694/mja2.52479
- Gray MP, Fatkin D, Ingles J, et al. Genetic testing in cardiovascular disease. MJA 2024; 220: 428‐434. https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2024/220/8/genetic‐testing‐cardiovascular‐disease
- Versmissen J, Oosterveer DM, Yazdanpanah M, et al. Efficacy of statins in familial hypercholesterolaemia: a long term cohort study. BMJ 2008; 337: a2423.
- Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, et al. 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J 2020; 41: 111‐188.
- Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019; 73: 3168‐3209.
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Familial hypercholesterolaemia: identification and management (NICE Clinical Guidelines, No. 71). London: NICE, 2019.
- Cuchel M, Raal FJ, Hegele RA, et al. 2023 Update on European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement on homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia: new treatments and clinical guidance. Eur Heart J 2023; 44: 2277‐2291.