Volume 181 - Issue 4
Drugs, sport and the Olympics 2000–2004
Author: Michael C Kennedy
Med J Aust 2004; 181 (4): 227. || doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2004.tb06245.x
Published online: 16 August 2004
Published online: 16 August 2004
Michael C Kennedy
Research Associate, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, St Vincent’s Hospital, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010. drmkennATozemail.com.au
To the Editor: Since the Sydney Olympics in 2000, many developments have occurred in drug use and the rules regulating drugs in sport.
The most significant regulatory development is the acceptance by the Olympic Federation, and many other sports bodies, of the World Anti-Drug Agency’s World Anti-Doping Code.1
Caffeine and pseudoephedrine have been removed from the Prohibited List, and an in-competition monitoring program is under way to detect any changes in the patterns of use of caffeine, pseudoephedrine and other drugs not on the banned list. Had this code been used in 2000, the Romanian gymnast Andreea Raducan would have retained her gold medal, lost after she inadvertently used a cold preparation containing pseudoephedrine.
Precise in-competition limits on blood and breath alcohol have been introduced in sports such as archery and modern pentathlon. β-Blocking agents and diuretics are completely banned in specific sports.
A new category of “specified substances” now exists:
. . . the prohibited list may identify specified substances which are particularly susceptible to unintentional anti-doping rule violations because of their general availability in medicinal products or which are less likely to be successfully abused as doping agents.
These substances include cannabinoids, probenecid, glucocorticosteroids and ephedrine.
Doctors treating athletes should advise them to inform their relevant sporting authority of drugs prescribed. If necessary, athletes can apply to the Australian Sports Drug Advisory Committee for a therapeutic use exemption for a banned substance. Notifiable substances can be documented on an Abbreviated Therapeutic Use Exemption form held by the national sporting body.
There can be no doubt of the need for drug testing to ensure a level playing field. Drug use to enhance performance is unabated since the Sydney games, with scandals occurring around the world. The Bay Area Laboratory Corporation scandal, involving the anabolic steroid tetrahydrogestrinone, is the most prominent. This has ruined several sporting careers and led to criminal charges against company directors.2 Other anabolic steroids continue to be widely used, including nandrolone, which causes problems because of contamination of dietary supplements and some foods.3
One of the “holy grails” for drug cheats over the past 4 years has been to enhance oxygen transport and delivery. RSR13 (efaproxiral), an allosteric modifier of haemoglobin, is in clinical trial as a radiosensitising agent. It has been shown to increase Vo2max in dogs and hence has been of interest to endurance athletes. The manufacturer’s collaboration with the Olympic Analytical Laboratory of the University of California (Los Angeles) resulted in an analytical method now being available for detection of the drug in sport.4
Haemoglobin- and non-haemoglobin-based oxygen carriers are now available commercially. There are few scientific data about their use in sport, but it is likely they are misused by some athletes.5 Recombinant human erythropoietin is widely used in cycling and other endurance sports. A detection method developed from Australian research will limit its use, at least at the Olympic venue.6
Genetic manipulation is unlikely in 2004, but its potential is foreseen. This technology is also prohibited in the new code.1
Unfortunately, drugs will continue to be misused. The opportunity for Olympic winners to gain huge financial rewards will fuel their use.
References
- The World Anti-Doping Code. Available at: www.wada-ama.org (accessed Jul 2004).
- Stein J. Chasing the truth. Time 2004; June 7: 54-55. CBBFGIBI
- Callicott R, Kicman AT. Nandrolone progress report to the UK Sports Council from the Expert Committee on Nandrolone. Int J Sports Med 2003; 24: 620-626. i1085588
- Breidbach A, Catlin DH. RSR13, a potential athletic performance enhancement agent: detection in urine by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2001; 15: 2379-2382. i1085590
- Schumacher OY, Ashenden M. Doping with artificial oxygen carriers: an update. Sports Med 2004; 34: 141-150. i1085592
- Parisotto R, Gore CJ, Emslie KR, et al. A novel method utilising markers of erythropoiesis for the detection of recombinant human erythropoietin abuse in athletes. Haematologicia 2000; 85: 564-572. i1085594
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