Should we conduct a trial of distributing naloxone to heroin users for peer administration to prevent fatal overdose?

---

• 1.
• Darke S, Ross J. Fatal heroin overdoses resulting from non-injecting routes of administration, NSW, Australia, 1992-1996. Addiction 2000; 95: 569-573.
• 2.
• English DR, Holman CDJ, Milne E, et al. The quantification of drug caused morbidity and mortality in Australia. 1995 edition. Canberra: Commonwealth Department of Human Services and Health, 1995.
• 3.
• Darke S, Zador D. Fatal heroin "overdose": a review. Addiction 1996; 91: 1765-1772.
• 4.
• Darke S, Ross J, Hall W. Overdose among heroin users in Sydney Australia. 1. Prevalence and correlates of non-fatal overdose. Addiction 1996; 91: 405-411.
• 5.
• Davoli M, Perucci CA, Rapiti E, et al. A persistent rise in mortality among injection drug users in Rome, 1980 through 1992. Am J Public Health 1997; 87: 851-853.
• 6.
• Zador D, Sunjic S, Darke S. Heroin-related deaths in New South Wales, 1992: toxicological findings and circumstances. Med J Aust 1996; 164: 204-207.
• 7.
• Loxley W, Davidson P. Forgetting to breathe: opioid overdose and young injecting drug users in Perth. Perth: Curtin University of Technology, National Centre for Research into the Prevention of Drug Abuse, 1998.
• 8.
• McGregor C, Darke S, Ali R, Christie P. Experience of non-fatal overdose among heroin users in Adelaide, Australia: circumstances and risk perceptions. Addiction 1998; 93: 701-711.
• 9.
• Darke S, Ross J. Heroin-related deaths in South Western Sydney: 1992-1996. Sydney: The University of New South Wales, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre; 1998.
• 10.
• Gore C. Report of the Pilot Heroin Overdose Peer Education project -- March 1997. NSW: Centre for Education and Information on Drugs and Alcohol, 1997.
• 11.
• MIMS (Australia). 1998 MIMS Annual. Sydney, NSW: Intercontinental Medical Statistics (Australasia), 1998: 1176-1177.
• 12.
• Chamberlain JM, Klein BL. A comprehensive review of naloxone for the emergency physician. Am J Emerg Med 1994; 12: 650-660.
• 13.
• David Bull Laboratories (Australia). Naloxone hydrochloride injection. USP product information. Melbourne Vic: David Bull Laboratories; 1992.
• 14.
• Boots Pharmaceuticals (Australia). Narcan injection and Narcan Neonatal injection. Product information. Sydney, NSW: The Boots Company (Australia) Pty Ltd, 1993.
• 15.
• Moore RA, Rumack BH, Conner CS, Peterson RG. Naloxone: underdosage after narcotic poisoning. Am J Dis Child 1980; 134: 156-158.
• 16.
• Jasinski DR, Martin WR, Haertzen CA. The human pharmacology and abuse potential of N-allylnoroxymorphone (naloxone). J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1967; 157: 420-426.
• 17.
• Barsan WG, Olinger CP, Adams HP, et al. Use of high dose naloxone in acute stroke: Possible side-effects. Crit Care Med 1989; 17: 762-767.
• 18.
• Jacobs I, Oxer H. The use of naloxone in the pre-hospital management of narcotic overdose. Perth: Western Australian Pre-Hospital Care Research Unit; 1998.
• 19.
• Bernard S, Barger W. An audit of two different doses of intramuscular naloxone in prehospital narcotic overdose. Melbourne: Melbourne Ambulance Service, 1995.
• 20.
• Sporer KA, Firestone J, Isaacs SM. Out-of-hospital treatment of opioid overdoses in an urban setting. Acad Emerg Med 1996; 3: 660-667.
• 21.
• Schwartz JA, Koenigsberg MD. Naloxone-induced pulmonary edema. Ann Emerg Med 1987; 16: 1294-1296.
• 22.
• Osterwalder JJ. Naloxone -- for intoxications with intravenous heroin and heroin mixtures: harmless or hazardous? A prospective clinical study. Clin Toxicol 1996; 34: 409-416.
• 23.
• Seidler D, Sthülinger GH, Fischer G, et al. After antagonization of acute opiate overdose: a survey at hospitals in Vienna. Addiction 1996; 91: 1479-1487.
• 24.
• Strang J, Darke S, Hall W, et al. Heroin overdose: the case for take-home naloxone. BMJ 1996; 312: 1435.
• 25.
• Kanof PD, Handelsman L, Aronson MJ, et al. Clinical characteristics of naloxone-precipitated withdrawal in human opioid-dependent subjects. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1992; 260: 355-363.
• 26.
• Reisine T, Pasternak G. Opioid analgesics and antagonists. In: Hardman JG, Limbird LE, Molinoff PB, et al, editors. Goodman & Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 9th edition. New York: McGraw Hill, 1996: 549-551.
• 27.
• Moss J. Ambulances say "no" to Narcan. Connexions 1997; 17: 29.
• 28.
• Gaddis GM, Watson WA. Naloxone-associated patient violence: an overlooked toxicity? Ann Pharmacother 1992; 26: 196-198.
• 29.
• Judson BA, Himmelberger DU, Goldstein A. The naloxone test for opiate dependence. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1980; 27: 492-501.
• 30.
• Neal JM. Complications of naloxone. Ann Emerg Med 1988; 17: 765-766.
• 31.
• Ward S, Corall IM. Hypertension after naloxone. Anaesthesia 1983; 38: 1000-1001.
• 32.
• Andree RA. Sudden death following naloxone administration. Anesth Analg 1980; 59: 782-784.
• 33.
• Azar I, Turndorf H. Severe hypertension and multiple atrial premature contractions following naloxone administration. Anesth Analg 1979; 58: 524-525.
• 34.
• Flacke JW, Flacke WE, Williams GD. Acute pulmonary edema following naloxone reversal of high-dose morphine anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1977; 47: 376-378.
• 35.
• Brimacombe J, Archdeacon J, Newell S, Martin J. Two cases of naloxone-induced pulmonary oedema -- the possible use of phentolamine in management. Anaesth Intensive Care 1991; 19: 578-580.
• 36.
• Harrington LW. Acute pulmonary edema following use of naloxone: a case study. Crit Care Nurse 1988; 8: 69-73.
• 37.
• Yealy DM, Paris PM, Kaplan RM, et al. The safety of prehospital naloxone administration by paramedics. Ann Emerg Med 1990; 19: 902-905.
• 38.
• Darke S, Hall W. The distribution of naloxone to heroin users. Addiction 1997; 92: 1195-1199.
• 39.
• Strang J, Farrell M. Harm minimisation for drug misusers: when second best may be best first. BMJ 1992; 304: 1127-1128.
• 40.
• Strang J, Powis B, Best D, et al. Preventing opiate overdose fatalities with take-home naloxone: pre-launch study of possible impact and acceptability. Addiction 1999; 94: 199-204.
• 41.
• Hall W. Reducing the toll of opioid overdose deaths in Australia. Drug Alcohol Rev 1999; 18: 213-220.
• 42.
• Vilke GM, Buchanan J, Dunford JV, Chan TC. Are heroin overdose deaths related to patient release after prehospital treatment with naloxone? Prehosp Emerg Care 1999; 3: 183-186.
• 43.
• Bammer G, Sengoz A. Non-fatal heroin overdoses. Med J Aust 1994; 161: 572-573.
• 44.
• Coleridge J, Cameron PA, Drummer OH, McNeil JJ. Survey of drug-related deaths in Victoria. Med J Aust 1992; 157: 459-462.
• 45.
• Hsu W, Rao RB, Nelson LS. Naloxone hazards overstated. Clin Toxicol 1997; 35: 215-217.
• 46.
• Buchwald A. Naloxone use: side effects may occur. Ann Emerg Med 1988; 17: 765.
• 47.
• Hando J, Darke S. NSW Drug Trends 1997. Findings from the Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS). Sydney: The University of New South Wales, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, 1998.
• 48.
• Hargreaves K, Lenton S. The Naloxone Feasibility Study. Perth, Western Australia: National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University of Technology, 2000. In press.
• 49.
• Des Jarlais DC, Friedman SR. AIDS and the use of injected drugs. Sci Am 1994; February: 56-62.
• 50.
• Dietze PM, Cvetkovksi S, Rumbold G, Miller P. Ambulance attendance at heroin overdose in Melbourne: the establishment of a database of Ambulance Service records. Drug Alcohol Rev 2000; 19: 27-33.
• 51.
• Darke S, Ross J, Cohen J, Hall W. Context and correlates of non-fatal overdose among heroin users in Sydney. Sydney: The University of New South Wales, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, 1994.