The Research Enterprise

Volume 171 - Issue 11

Nature, nurture and my experience with smallpox eradication

Author:  Frank Fenner

Med J Aust 1999; 171 (11): 638-641.
Published online: 6 December 1999

Author


References

  1. Friedman M, Friedland GW. Edward Jenner and vaccination. In: Medicine's 10 greatest discoveries. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998; 65-93.
  2. Burnet FM, Fenner F. The production of antibodies. 2nd edition. Melbourne: Macmillan, 1949.
  3. MacCallum P, Tolhurst JC, Buckle G, Sissons HA. A new mycobacterial infection in man. J Path Bact 1948; 60: 93-116.
  4. Fenner F, Ratcliffe FN. Myxomatosis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965.
  5. Burnet FM. Principles of animal virology. New York: Academic Press, 1955.
  6. Fenner F. The biology of animal viruses. New York: Academic Press, 1968.
  7. World Health Organization. The global eradication of smallpox. Final Report of the Global Commission for the Certification of Smallpox Eradication, Geneva, 1979. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1980.
  8. Fenner F, Henderson DA, Arita I, et al. Smallpox and its eradication. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1988.
  9. A severe disease, with high mortality and serious after-effects
  10. No animal reservoir of the virus
  11. Very few subclinical cases
  12. Cases were not infectious before the appearance of rash, which appeared after the onset of illness and fever
  13. An acute, self-limited disease; recurrence of infectivity never occurred
  14. Only one serotype
  15. An effective, heat-stable vaccine was available and inexpensive
  16. Country-wide elimination in Europe and the Americas showed that global eradication was possible
  17. Few social or religious barriers to the recognition of cases
  18. The costs of quarantine and vaccination of travellers provided a strong financial incentive for wealthy countries to contribute
  19. The WHO Smallpox Eradication Unit had inspiring leaders and enlisted many devoted health workers