Does ageing affect men and women equally? If not, how might differences affect research — and subsequently clinical practice? To answer this and related questions, the Mars and Venus: Does Gender Matter in Ageing? conference was convened by the University of Newcastle’s Research Centre for Gender, Health and Ageing, in association with the Australian Association of Gerontology and the Healthy Ageing Theme of the Australian Research Council/National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Research Network in Ageing Well.1 The 2-day conference, held in Newcastle in July 2007, featured longitudinal studies of ageing that have given specific attention to the health of men or the health of women, and introduced an NHMRC-funded initiative to link two of these studies. The conference also included a 1-day research workshop, sponsored by the Ageing Well Network, which involved researchers from longitudinal studies of ageing being conducted in Australia, and considered how such studies might take greater account of gender in their design and analysis. The conference attracted 85 participants from across Australia and overseas, who came together to consider ways in which the effects of ageing are unequal between men and women, and how these differences might be further exaggerated through interactions with socieconomic status and background.