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Anxiety disorders

Symptoms

  • Distress and agitation when separated from parent and home
  • School refusal
  • Pervasive worry and fearfulness
  • Restlessness and irritability
  • Timidity, shyness, social withdrawal
  • Terror of an object (e.g., dog)
  • Associated headache, stomach pains
  • Restless sleep and nightmares
  • Poor concentration, distractibility and learning problems
  • Reliving stressful event in repetitive play
Family factors
  • Parental anxiety, overprotection, separation difficulties
  • Parental (maternal) depression and agoraphobia
  • Family stress: marital conflict, parental illness, child abuse
  • Family history of anxiety
Management
  • Cognitive-behavioural therapy
  • Family therapy for overprotection
  • Treat parental anxiety/depression
  • Psychotherapy (interpersonal therapy)
  • Teacher support
  • Drug therapy (tricyclic antidepressant or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) as adjunct to psychological interventions

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